{"id":373,"date":"2011-10-24T06:04:23","date_gmt":"2011-10-24T06:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.literatus.gr\/?p=373"},"modified":"2011-10-24T06:37:13","modified_gmt":"2011-10-24T06:37:13","slug":"%ce%b7-%cf%80%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%83%ce%ad%ce%b3%ce%b3%ce%b9%cf%83%ce%b7-%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%ad%ce%bd%ce%bd%ce%bf%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%82-%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b5%cf%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/media.literatus.gr\/?p=373","title":{"rendered":"\u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5<\/p>\n<p>\u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Abstract:<\/p>\n<p>This paper views translation as a semiotic act which relates the context of the source text with the perceptive horizon of the target audience in an equation which contains both normative and analytic elements. Meaning transfer as a synthetic process is often met with tension which results from the existence of differences between the two systems involved in the communicative act. The way in which these differences are evaluated and negotiated by a translator is indicative of his\/her decision to move toward the pole of prescription and normalization or\u00a0description\u00a0and\u00a0multivocality. This paper studies two English translations of Aristotle&#8217;s Poetics which were produced for the same series, the Loeb Classical Library, of the same publishing house, Harvard University Press, at different times in the twentieth century, with the purpose to define the ways in which they resolve the source text\/target text equation in terms of their differences. The first translation by W. Hamilton Fyfe produced in 1927 is characterized by normative practices, whereas the second translation by Stephen \u0397alliwell produced in 1995 is more prescriptive and inclusive of elements of incompatibility between the source text and the receiving audiences.<\/p>\n<p>Keywords: semiotic act, incompatibility, source text\/target text equation, prescriptive translation, normative practices<\/p>\n<p>1. \u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2<\/p>\n<p>\u039f \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Chesterman, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 o\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7: &#8220;At its best, such research allows us to see both similarities and differences in a perspective that increases our understanding of the whole picture, and also of how this pictures relates to other pictures&#8221; (2004: 33).<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ae \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. 2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd W. Hamilton Fyfe \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Stephen Halliwell \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>2.1.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03bf Harvard University Press \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac Loeb Classical Library \u03b7 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 W. Hamilton Fyfe, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf 1927 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1932 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Stephen Halliwell, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1995. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 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\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a02.2.<\/p>\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Fortenbaugh &#8220;Aristotle adopted an inclusive view of emotional response. He recognized both its cognitive and its bodily aspects&#8221; (1975: 21). \u039f Halliwell \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 &#8220;Aristotle&#8217;s whole theory of tragedy assumes an interplay and integration of the intellect and the emotions&#8221; (1986: 76) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 &#8220;the experience of poetry is inescapably cognitive, and &#8230; the ordering of the work of art, together with the proper pleasure to be derived from it, is, for Aristotle, inseparable from the universals which ideally furnish its content&#8221; (1986: 105), \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf. O Kahn \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 &#8220;Aristotle does not speak the language of traditional dualism. He does not contrast the mental with the physical, the human consciousness with the body to which it is attached&#8221; (1979: 1) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 &#8220;we can not compare all of Aristotle&#8217;s psychology with all of the modern discussions of the problem of dualism&#8221;(1979: 2). \u039f<br \/>\nBleicher \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9:<\/p>\n<p>The tension between logic and ethics bears witness to the continuance of the dualism between Reason and Life in modern philosophy which eventually leads to their deliberate separation. Their unity, which has characterized Greek philosophy, proved unattainable, if not undesirable, to the philosophers of the Enlightenment in their zeal for pure knowledge cleansed of all claims to authority that could not be legitimized by reference to the guiding light of Reason. (1980: 20)\u00a0\u00a0\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bf Fyfe \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd\u00a0\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (1932: ix) \u03bf Fyfe \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac-\u0392\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc George Saintsbury, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Wellek \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 &#8216;ultimately inexplicable, unaccountable and momentary&#8217; (1965: 419). O Halliwell \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bf \u03b1\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 &#8220;an intimate link between the emotions of tragedy and the crucial transformation of fortune, the metabasis, which the Poetics locates at the centre of the tragic plot-structure&#8221; (1986: 171). \u0394\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00a0 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<br \/>\n\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Halliwell \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2: &#8220;pity and fear are tethered to the experience of the transformation of fortune which Aristotle identifies as the crux of tragic action&#8221; (1986: 183).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a03. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Fyfe \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5<br \/>\nHalliwell<\/p>\n<p>3.1 \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 14 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c7\u03bf 1453b35 \u00ab\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u00bb (Halliwell 1995: 76-77). \u0397 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Fyfe \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;outrages the feelings and is not tragic&#8221; (1932: 52-53), \u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.<br \/>\n\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 &#8220;outrages&#8221; \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u00a0 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf. \u039f Halliwell \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;repugnant&#8221;, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c7\u03bf 1456a20 (Halliwell 1995: 94-95) \u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u00bb<br \/>\n\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Fyfe \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;satisfies your feelings&#8221; (1932: 70-71) \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Halliwell \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;arouses fellow-feelings&#8221; (1995: 94-95) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b7\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0 \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf During \u00ab\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u00bb (1991: 289).<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Fyfe \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;discovery&#8221;. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf Fyfe \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf, \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ae \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae. \u03a3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7 \u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf<br \/>\n\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf Halliwell \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2: universals are not, for Aristotle, substances, least of all universals in the province of ethical action; they are a dimension of reality that can only emerge from the mind&#8217;s processes of\u00a0 experience and understanding, But the degree to which, and the salience with which universals emerge in understanding varies with the aspects of reality and the kinds of human thinking involved (2001: 102).<\/p>\n<p>\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf &#8220;recognition&#8221; \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c7\u03bf 1455a30 (Halliwell 1995: 88-89) o \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03b5\u03c5\u03c6\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2\u00bb \u03ae \u00ab\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c6\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (1459a5) \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 (Halliwell 1995: 114-115), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf \u03a3\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 (\u03bf \u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b1\u0390\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03ba \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 (245a, 248d), \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03bd&#8217; \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae \u03cc \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4&#8217; \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b0\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2. (1995: 25*)<\/p>\n<p>\u039f Fyfe \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 &#8220;a sympathetic nature or a madman&#8221; (1932: 64-65). \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c6\u03c5\u0390\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<br \/>\n\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf Fyfe \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<br \/>\n\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u039f Halliwell \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u00ab\u03b5\u03cd\u03c6\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2\u00bb \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;gifted person&#8221; \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u00ab\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;manic&#8221;, \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 15, \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf Halliwell \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af &#8220;the<br \/>\nobjective conditions of life&#8221; (1995: 159). \u03a9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf (1454b15) \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u00ab\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03be \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u00bb (Halliwell 1995: 82-83) \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397<br \/>\n\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u00ab\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\u00bb \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Fyfe \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;appeal to the eye&#8221; (1932: 58-59) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf Halliwell \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf &#8220;perceptions&#8221;, \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<br \/>\n\u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Kahn:\u00a0\u00a0Aristotle&#8217;s aesthesis is not quite the modern notion of sensation. The problem as Aristotle poses it concerns neither the immediate data of consciousness (e.g. what are called &#8216;sense data&#8217; or &#8216;raw feels&#8217;) nor the perceptions we have of our own body, but, properly speaking, any capacity possessed by living animals for obtaining information concerning the outside world. (1979: 3)\u00a0\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 18 \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae \u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03bf, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b9\u03bd\u00bb, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c7\u03bf 1456a14 (Halliwell 1995: 93-94). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Fyfe \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;the result is full of\u00a0 disappointment&#8221; (1932: 70-71). \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<br \/>\n\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f Halliwell \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;against expectation&#8221; \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a03.2 \u039a\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/p>\n<p>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03bf Fyfe \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2<br \/>\n\u03a6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\/\u03a0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\/\u039c\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af \u03bf Fyfe \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 4 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf. \u039f \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf Halliwell \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 :<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Aristotle&#8217;s perspective on poetic history is hardly straightforward or neutrally factual. It is, on the contrary, permeated by an interpretative vision &#8211; a vision of poetic history as an area in which &#8220;nature,&#8221; working of course through human nature (48b4-5) yet promoting practices which have a dynamic of their own (49a15, 24, 60a4), brings into being the distinct cultural forms, the poetic kinds of genres, which count as the primary material for Aristotle&#8217;s analysis of poetry. (1995: 8-9)\u00a0\u00a0\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c7\u03bf 1449a24 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u00ab\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\u00bb \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf Halliwell \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;tragedy&#8217;s own nature&#8221; (Halliwell 1995: 42-43). O Fyfe \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;Nature&#8221; (1932: 18-19) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5: &#8220;It is the ecstasy of inspiration, a mystic memory of something known before birth, a supernatural apprehension born from a mingled love of truth and beauty&#8221; (1932: xi).<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 (144\u03b11) \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (Halliwell 1995: 28-29). \u0397 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Fyfe \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Halliwell \u03c9\u03c2 &#8220;poetry&#8221;, \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Fyfe (1932: 4-5), \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u0392\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 12 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03c7\u03bf 1452b10 (Halliwell 1995: 66-67) \u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039f Fyfe \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (1932: 42-43), \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a04. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf Fyfe \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Halliwell, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. \u039f \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2<\/p>\n<p>Bleicher, J. (c1980). Contemporary Hermeneutics. Hermeneutics as Method, Philosophy and Critique. London &amp; New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p>Chesterman, A. (2004). &#8220;Beyond the particular&#8221;. In A. Mauranen, P. Kujamaki (eds), Translation Universals. Do they exist? Amsterdam &amp; Philadephia: Benjamins, 33-49.<\/p>\n<p>During, I. (1991)). \u039f \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03bc\u03c4\u03c6 \u03a0. \u039a\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b6\u03b9\u03ac-\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u038a\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b6\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>Fortenbaugh, W.W. (1975). Aristotle on emotion. London: Duckworth.<\/p>\n<p>Halliwell, S. (1986). Aristotle&#8217;s Poetics. London: Duckworth.<\/p>\n<p>Halliwell, S. (2001). &#8220;Aristotelian Mimesis and Human Understanding&#8221;. In 0. Andersen, J. Haarberg (eds), Making Sense of Aristotle. Essays in Poetics. London: Duckworth, 87-107.<\/p>\n<p>Kahn, C. H. (1979). &#8220;Sensation and Consciousness in Aristotle&#8217;s Psychology&#8221;. In J. Barnes, M. Schofield, R. Sorabji (eds), Articles on Aristotle IV Psychology and Aesthetics. London: Duckworth, 1-31.<\/p>\n<p>Munday, J. (2002). \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2. \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2. \u03bc\u03c4\u03c6\u03c1. \u0391. \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2, \u0399. (1995). \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7.<br \/>\nWellek, R. (c1965). A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950. The later 19<sup>th<br \/>\n<\/sup>century. London: Jonathan Cape.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/p>\n<p>Fyfe, W. H., trans. (rev. ed. 1932) &#8220;Aristotle. The Poetics&#8221;. In T. E. Page, E. Capps, L. A. Post, W. H. Rouse, E. H. Warmongton (eds), Aristotle &#8220;ThePoetics&#8221;.<br \/>\nLonginus &#8220;On the Sublime&#8221;. Demetrius &#8220;On Style&#8221;. London: Heinemann;<br \/>\nCambridge, Mass: Harvard UP, 1-118.<br \/>\nHalliwell, S., trans. (1995). &#8220;Aristotle. Poetics&#8221;. In S. Halliwell, D.C. Innes (eds),<br \/>\nAristotle &#8220;Poetics&#8221;. Longinus &#8220;On The Sublime&#8221;. Demetrius &#8220;On Style&#8221;. London &amp;Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 27-141.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u00a0Abstract: This paper views translation as a semiotic act which&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-373","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-5"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 - 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